| Alef | concurrent computing, structured programming | 2010 | — |
| AMPL | declarative programming, imperative programming | 1985 | Bell Labs |
| AWK | procedural programming, data-driven programming | 1977 | Brian Kernighan, Peter J. Weinberger, Alfred Aho |
| Ballerina | concurrent computing | 2017 | WSO2 |
| BitC | procedural programming | — | Johns Hopkins University |
| C shell | — | 1978 | Bill Joy |
| C# | object-oriented programming, strict programming, functional programming, event-driven programming, reflective programming, generic programming, structured programming, class-based programming, imperative programming, multi-paradigm programming | 2001 | Microsoft |
| C++ | object-oriented programming, multi-paradigm programming, functional programming, procedural programming, generic programming | 1983 | Bjarne Stroustrup |
| C-- | imperative programming | 1997 | Norman Ramsey, Simon Peyton Jones |
| C3 | — | — | — |
| Chaos | — | — | — |
| Chapel | object-oriented programming, array programming, parallel computing | 2009 | Brad Chamberlain, Cray |
| Charm | structured programming | 1996 | — |
| Cilk | structured programming, imperative programming, procedural programming, parallel computing | 1994 | Charles E. Leiserson |
| Claire | reflective programming, functional programming, class-based programming language, object-oriented programming | 1994 | — |
| Concurrent C | concurrent computing, imperative programming | 1984 | — |
| Crystal | object-oriented programming, multi-paradigm programming, concurrent computing | 2014 | Ary Borenzweig, Manas Technology Solutions |
| Cyclone | — | 2002 | AT&T |
| D | functional programming, imperative programming, object-oriented programming | 2001 | Walter Bright, D Language Foundation |
| EC | generic programming, procedural programming, imperative programming, multi-paradigm programming, object-oriented programming | 2004 | — |
| EventScripts | — | 2004 | — |
| FreeBASIC | procedural programming, object-oriented programming | 2004 | — |
| GNU Awk | — | 1986 | GNU Project |
| Go | structured programming, procedural programming, functional programming, concurrent computing, object-oriented programming, imperative programming | 2009 | Google, The Go Authors, Rob Pike, Robert Griesemer, Ken Thompson |
| Handel-C | imperative programming | 2005 | Mentor Graphics |
| HolyC | — | — | — |
| Java | object-oriented programming, generic programming, component-based software engineering, concurrent object-oriented programming, class-based programming, imperative programming, structured programming, functional programming, reflective programming | 1995 | Sun Microsystems, Oracle Corporation, James Gosling |
| JavaScript | generic programming, aspect-oriented programming, imperative programming, functional programming, prototype-based programming, event-driven programming | 1995 | — |
| JS++ | generic programming, functional programming, structured programming, imperative programming, object-oriented programming | 2011 | — |
| Limbo | concurrent computing, modular programming | 1995 | Bell Labs |
| Linden Scripting Language | — | — | Linden Lab |
| LPC | object-oriented programming, procedural programming, prototype-based programming, functional programming | 1989 | Lars Pensjö |
| Maya Embedded Language | — | 1998 | — |
| MIVA Script | imperative programming | 1996 | — |
| Mojo | imperative programming, generic programming, functional programming | 2023 | Modular |
| Monkey X | object-oriented programming | 2011 | — |
| NCL | — | 1987 | — |
| NesC | — | — | — |
| Newsqueak | concurrent computing | — | Bell Labs |
| Next Byte Codes | — | — | — |
| Not eXactly C | — | 2006 | — |
| Not Quite C | — | — | — |
| Objective-C | object-oriented programming, class-based programming, multi-paradigm programming, reflective programming | 1984 | — |
| Odin | — | 2016 | — |
| Perl | multi-paradigm programming | 1987 | The Perl Foundation, Larry Wall |
| PHP | imperative programming, functional programming, procedural programming, reflective programming, object-oriented programming | 1995 | Rasmus Lerdorf, Zeev Suraski, Andi Gutmans, Perforce Zend, PHP Group |
| Pike | procedural programming, object-oriented programming, functional programming | 1994 | — |
| Processing | object-oriented programming | 2001 | Processing Foundation |
| Ratfor | — | 1976 | Brian Kernighan |
| Ring | object-oriented programming, procedural programming, functional programming, imperative programming, declarative programming | 2016 | Mahmoud Samir Fayed |
| S | object-oriented programming, array programming, imperative programming | 1976 | John Chambers |
| Scol | — | 1996 | — |
| Seed7 | imperative programming, object-oriented programming, multi-paradigm programming, generic programming, reflective programming, structured programming | 2005 | — |
| SolidThinking Embed | modularity | 1989 | Visual Solutions, Inc. |
| Swift | dataflow programming, concurrent computing | 2007 | — |
| THINK C | — | — | Gen Digital |
| Vala | imperative programming, object-oriented programming, structured programming | 2006 | Jürg Billeter |
| Varphi Language | imperative programming, functional programming, object-oriented programming, procedural programming, reflective programming | 2025 | — |
| Whiley | imperative programming, functional programming | 2010 | — |
| Wolfram Language | functional programming, imperative programming, multi-paradigm programming, array programming, declarative programming, object-oriented programming | 1988 | Stephen Wolfram, Wolfram Research |