| S | object-oriented programming, array programming, imperative programming | 1976 | John Chambers |
| S-PLUS | — | — | Tibco Software |
| S/SL | — | 1980 | James Cordy, Ric Holt |
| S2 | object-oriented programming | 1999 | Martin Atkins, Brad Fitzpatrick |
| S3 | imperative programming, structured programming | — | International Computers Limited |
| SA-C | — | — | — |
| SabreTalk | — | — | Eastern Air Lines, IBM, American Airlines |
| SAC programming language | array programming | 1994 | Sven-Bodo Scholz |
| SAM BASIC | — | 1989 | — |
| SAM76 | — | 1976 | — |
| SAMPL | multi-paradigm programming | — | — |
| SARL | — | — | — |
| SAS Language | procedural programming, data-driven programming | 1976 | SAS Institute, Anthony James Barr |
| SASL | functional programming | 1972 | — |
| Sass | — | 2006 | — |
| Sather | functional programming, object-oriented programming | 1990 | GNU Project |
| SATySFi | — | — | — |
| Sawzall | procedural programming | 2003 | — |
| Scala | concurrent computing, functional programming, imperative programming, object-oriented programming | 2004 | École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Martin Odersky |
| Scalable Application Language | — | — | Gupta Technologies |
| Scallop | — | — | — |
| Scheme | functional programming, procedural programming, imperative programming, metaprogramming | 1975 | — |
| Scheme Scribe | — | — | — |
| SCi Continuous System Simulation Language | — | — | Simulation Councils Inc (SCI) |
| Scientific Vector Language | — | 1994 | — |
| Scilab | array programming | — | Dassault Systèmes |
| SCM | — | 1990 | Aubrey Jaffer |
| Scol | — | 1996 | — |
| Scratch | event-driven programming, visual programming language | 2003 | MIT Media Lab |
| ScratchJr | — | — | — |
| Script | stack-oriented programming, concatenative programming | — | — |
| Script.NET | imperative programming, metaprogramming | — | Microsoft |
| Scripter3 | — | — | Naoki Takahashi |
| Scriptol | — | 2001 | — |
| SCUMM | — | 1987 | Lucasfilm Games |
| Sed | data-driven programming | 1974 | Lee E. McMahon |
| Seed7 | imperative programming, object-oriented programming, multi-paradigm programming, generic programming, reflective programming, structured programming | 2005 | — |
| Self | prototype-based programming, object-oriented programming | 1987 | Sun Microsystems, Randall Smith, Stanford University, David Ungar |
| Sense | object-oriented programming | — | The Open University |
| SenseTalk | object-oriented programming | 1992 | — |
| SequenceL | parallel computing, purely functional programming, array programming, declarative programming | 1989 | — |
| Sequentielle Formelübersetzung | — | 1955 | — |
| SETL | procedural programming, structured programming, imperative programming, object-oriented programming | 1969 | Courant Institute School of Mathematics, Computing, and Data Science |
| Shakespeare | — | — | — |
| Shen | — | 2011 | — |
| Short Code | procedural programming | 1950 | John Mauchly |
| SICStus Prolog | — | 1988 | Swedish Institute of Computer Science |
| SIGNAL | declarative programming | — | — |
| Silq | imperative programming | 2020 | ETH Zurich |
| SiMPLE | — | 1995 | — |
| Simple Object Language | — | — | — |
| Simple Yet Powerful Scripting Language | — | 2005 | — |
| SIMSCRIPT | — | 1962 | — |
| Simul | — | 2003 | — |
| Simula | imperative programming, procedural programming, structured programming, object-oriented programming | 1962 | Kristen Nygaard |
| Simulink | — | — | MathWorks |
| Sinclair BASIC | imperative programming | — | — |
| Sing# | — | 2005 | Microsoft Research |
| Singularity | — | — | Microsoft |
| SISAL | multi-paradigm programming, functional programming, concurrent computing, dataflow programming | 1983 | — |
| SK8 | object-oriented programming | — | Apple Inc. |
| Skribe | — | — | — |
| SLAM | — | 1979 | — |
| Slate | prototype-based programming | — | — |
| Sleep | — | 2004 | — |
| SMALL | procedural programming, structured programming, imperative programming, object-oriented programming | 1980 | — |
| SmallBASIC | — | — | — |
| Smalltalk | object-oriented programming, class-based programming | 1972 | Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls, Adele Goldberg, Diana Merry |
| SMT-LIB | declarative programming | — | — |
| SNAP | imperative programming | — | — |
| Snap! | event-driven programming, object-oriented programming | 2011 | — |
| Snap4Arduino | — | 2013 | — |
| Snek | imperative programming | — | Keith Packard |
| SNOBOL | imperative programming | 1962 | Bell Labs |
| SNOBOL4 | — | — | — |
| Snowball | — | — | Martin Porter |
| Solidity | — | 2014 | — |
| SolidThinking Embed | modularity | 1989 | Visual Solutions, Inc. |
| Sort Merge Generator | — | 1951 | — |
| Source | procedural programming, multi-paradigm programming, imperative programming, functional programming | 2017 | — |
| SP/k | structured programming, imperative programming | 1974 | Ric Holt, James Cordy |
| Space Programming Language | — | 1967 | — |
| SPARK | procedural programming | 1988 | Altran, University of Southampton |
| SPARQL | declarative programming | 2008 | Eric G. Prud'hommeaux, Carlos Buil Aranda |
| SPARQL 1.0 | — | — | — |
| SPARQL 1.1 | — | 2013 | — |
| SPARQL 1.1 Query Language | — | — | — |
| SPARQL-Generate | — | — | — |
| Speakeasy | imperative programming | 1964 | — |
| Spectator | — | — | — |
| Speedcoding | structured programming, object-oriented programming, generic programming, procedural programming | 1953 | John Backus, IBM |
| Spice | — | 1998 | — |
| Spice Lisp | — | — | — |
| Split-C | imperative programming | — | — |
| SQF | — | — | — |
| SQL | declarative programming | 1974 | International Organization for Standardization, Donald D. Chamberlin, Raymond F. Boyce |
| SQL*Plus | — | 1982 | — |
| SQL/PSM | multi-paradigm programming | 1996 | — |
| SQLPL | — | — | — |
| Squeak | object-oriented programming | 1996 | Apple Inc. |
| Squirrel | object-oriented programming, class-based programming, imperative programming, procedural programming | 2003 | — |
| Stackless Python | — | — | — |
| StaDyn | — | — | — |
| Stan | — | — | — |
| Standard ML | modular programming, imperative programming, functional programming, procedural programming | 1983 | Robin Milner |
| Standard ML of New Jersey | procedural programming | 2002 | — |
| Stanford Artificial Intelligence Language | — | 1970 | Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory |
| Stanislaus | — | 1951 | — |
| Starlark | procedural programming | — | — |
| StarLogo | multi-paradigm programming, procedural programming, agent-oriented programming | 2001 | MIT Media Lab |
| Stata | — | 1985 | StataCorp |
| Stateflow | — | — | MathWorks |
| STELLA | visual programming language | 1985 | Barry Richmond |
| Stencyl | — | 2011 | Jonathan Chung |
| STOS BASIC | — | 1988 | François Lionet |
| Strand | parallel computing | 1989 | Steve Taylor, Ian T. Foster |
| Strongtalk | object-oriented programming | 2002 | — |
| Structured Audio Orchestra Language | imperative programming | — | — |
| Stylus | — | 2011 | — |
| SubL | — | — | — |
| Subtext | visual programming language | 2004 | — |
| Sue | — | 1971 | Ric Holt |
| Suneido | — | 2000 | — |
| Superbase database | — | 1983 | — |
| SuperCollider | functional programming, object-oriented programming | 1996 | — |
| SuperNova | — | 2010 | Mahmoud Samir Fayed |
| SuperPascal | concurrent computing, procedural programming | 1993 | — |
| Superplan | procedural programming | 1951 | — |
| SurgeScript | — | 2018 | — |
| Sutra | — | — | — |
| Svelte | — | 2016 | Alan Faubert, Rich Harris, Simon Holthausen, Dominic Gannaway, Tan Li Hau, Ben McCann, Paolo Ricciuti |
| SWI-Prolog | — | 1987 | Jan Wielemaker |
| Swift | object-oriented programming, functional programming, declarative programming, multi-paradigm programming, block-structured programming, imperative programming | 2014 | Chris Lattner, Apple Inc. |
| Swift | dataflow programming, concurrent computing | 2007 | — |
| Swift LispKit | — | — | — |
| SYCL | — | — | Khronos Group |
| SYMPL | procedural programming, structured programming, imperative programming | — | — |
| Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language | — | — | World Wide Web Consortium |
| SynthEdit | — | — | — |
| SystemVerilog | structured programming, object-oriented programming | 2002 | — |