| R | reflective programming, object-oriented programming, array programming, imperative programming, functional programming, procedural programming | 1993 | — |
| R++ | logic programming | — | — |
| Racket | reflective programming, procedural programming, functional programming, multi-paradigm programming, modular programming, language-oriented programming, metaprogramming, object-oriented programming | 1995 | Matthias Felleisen |
| Raku | object-oriented programming, imperative programming, functional programming | 2015 | Audrey Tang, Larry Wall |
| RAPID | — | 1994 | ABB Group |
| Rapira | procedural programming, structured programming | 1987 | — |
| Raptor | structured programming | — | — |
| RascalMPL | data conversion | — | — |
| Ratfor | — | 1976 | Brian Kernighan |
| RBASIC | — | 1989 | VEB Robotron-Meßelektronik „Otto Schön“ Dresden |
| Rc | imperative programming, procedural programming | 1989 | Bell Labs |
| RCML | — | 2014 | — |
| READ/PRINT | — | 1953 | — |
| Reaktor | — | — | Native Instruments |
| REALBasic | — | — | — |
| Reason | functional programming | 2016 | Meta Platforms |
| REBOL | functional programming, prototype-based programming, imperative programming, language-oriented programming | 1997 | — |
| Red | imperative programming, functional programming, multi-paradigm programming | 2011 | Nenad Rakocevic |
| Refal | functional programming | 1968 | Valentin Turchin |
| Regional Assembly Language | — | 1951 | — |
| Reia | — | — | — |
| Relevance Language | — | — | IBM |
| Ren'Py | — | 2004 | — |
| ReScript | functional programming | 2015 | Bloomberg L.P. |
| REXX | procedural programming, structured programming | 1979 | IBM, Mike Cowlishaw |
| RGSS | — | — | — |
| Ring | object-oriented programming, procedural programming, functional programming, imperative programming, declarative programming | 2016 | Mahmoud Samir Fayed |
| Rlab | array programming | — | — |
| Robic | procedural programming | 1975 | Gennady Zvenigorodsky |
| Robot Battle | — | 1994 | — |
| Robotc | — | — | — |
| Roc | functional programming | — | — |
| Rochester assembler | — | 1951 | — |
| Rockstar | — | 2018 | — |
| Rocky Mountain BASIC | imperative programming | — | — |
| Rocq prover | purely functional programming | 1984 | Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique |
| ROOP | object-oriented programming, logic programming, procedural programming | 1995 | — |
| Root | — | 1995 | CERN |
| Roy | — | — | — |
| Rpal | — | — | John Wozencraft, Peter Landin |
| RPG | procedural programming | 1959 | IBM |
| RPG Code | — | — | — |
| RPG IV | — | 2001 | — |
| RPG/400 | — | 1988 | — |
| RPL | object-oriented programming, stack-oriented programming, structured programming | 1984 | — |
| RPython | — | — | — |
| RSL | — | 1994 | — |
| RTL/2 | procedural programming, structured programming, imperative programming | 1972 | John Barnes |
| Ruby | reflective programming, functional programming, imperative programming, object-oriented programming | 1995 | Yukihiro Matsumoto |
| Ruby | — | 1986 | — |
| Run BASIC | — | — | — |
| RUR-PLE | object-oriented programming | 2004 | — |
| Rust | generic programming, concurrent computing, procedural programming, functional programming, imperative programming, object-oriented programming | 2006 | Mozilla, Rust Foundation, Graydon Hoare |