| Kojo | object-oriented programming, functional programming | 2010 | — |
| Kotlin | concurrent computing, functional programming, structured programming, imperative programming, declarative programming, object-oriented programming, generic programming, reflective programming | 2011 | JetBrains |
| LFE | functional programming | 2008 | — |
| Limbo | concurrent computing, modular programming | 1995 | Bell Labs |
| Lisp | multi-paradigm programming, functional programming, procedural programming, reflective programming, metaprogramming | 1958 | John McCarthy, Steve Russell |
| Little b | object-oriented programming, functional programming | 2004 | Harvard Medical School |
| LPC | object-oriented programming, procedural programming, prototype-based programming, functional programming | 1989 | Lars Pensjö |
| Lua | procedural programming, prototype-based programming, functional programming, imperative programming, multi-paradigm programming, object-oriented programming | 1993 | Roberto Ierusalimschy |
| Mary | imperative programming | 1971 | SINTEF |
| MDL | procedural programming, reflective programming, metaprogramming, functional programming | 1971 | — |
| Mercury | object-oriented programming, multi-paradigm programming, purely functional programming, logic programming, functional programming | 1995 | University of Melbourne |
| Mesa | procedural programming | 1976 | Palo Alto Research Center |
| MetaPost | imperative programming, declarative programming | 1994 | — |
| MiniZinc | constraint programming | 2009 | Monash University |
| Mirah | object-oriented programming, imperative programming | 2008 | — |
| Miranda | declarative programming, purely functional programming | 1985 | — |
| MIT/GNU Scheme | — | — | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| ML | functional programming, imperative programming, procedural programming | 1973 | Robin Milner |
| Modula | procedural programming, imperative programming, modular programming | 1975 | Niklaus Wirth |
| Modula-2 | modular programming, imperative programming, structured programming, concurrent computing | 1978 | Niklaus Wirth |
| Modula-2+ | modular programming, imperative programming, concurrent computing | 1984 | DEC Systems Research Center |
| MultiLisp | — | — | — |
| Nemerle | metaprogramming, object-oriented programming, multi-paradigm programming, imperative programming, procedural programming, functional programming | 2003 | JetBrains, University of Wrocław |
| NetLogo | procedural programming, agent-oriented programming | 1999 | — |
| NetRexx | object-oriented programming, structured programming, procedural programming | 1996 | IBM |
| NEWP | imperative programming, structured programming, procedural programming | — | Burroughs Corporation |
| Nim | metaprogramming, concurrent computing, procedural programming, functional programming, imperative programming, macro metaprogramming, object-oriented programming | 2008 | — |
| Oaklisp | object-oriented programming | 1986 | — |
| Oberon | procedural programming, structured programming, imperative programming, modular programming, object-oriented programming | 1987 | Niklaus Wirth |
| Oberon-2 | imperative programming, object-oriented programming | 1991 | Niklaus Wirth |
| Object Pascal | generic programming, procedural programming, structured programming, imperative programming, multi-paradigm programming, object-oriented programming | 1986 | Larry Tesler, Niklaus Wirth, Apple Inc., Borland |
| Obliq | object-oriented programming, prototype-based programming, structured programming, parallel computing, imperative programming, modular programming | 1993 | — |
| OCaml | functional programming, modular programming, object-oriented programming, imperative programming | 1996 | Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique |
| Opa | imperative programming, multi-paradigm programming, functional programming | 2011 | — |
| Pan | declarative programming | — | — |
| ParaSail | concurrent computing, parallel computing, object-oriented programming, procedural programming, structured programming | 2009 | — |
| Pascal | imperative programming, structured programming | 1970 | Niklaus Wirth |
| Pascal Script | object-oriented programming, multi-paradigm programming, imperative programming, procedural programming | 2000 | RemObjects Software |
| PicoLisp | metaprogramming, declarative programming, functional programming, procedural programming, reflective programming, object-oriented programming | 1988 | Alexander Burger |
| PL/C | procedural programming, imperative programming, structured programming | 1973 | Cornell University |
| PL/I | structured programming, procedural programming, concurrent computing, imperative programming | 1964 | IBM |
| PL360 | procedural programming, structured programming, imperative programming | 1966 | — |
| Plus | procedural programming, structured programming, imperative programming | 1976 | University of British Columbia |
| Power Fx | declarative programming, functional programming, imperative programming | — | — |
| PowerShell | reflective programming, procedural programming, functional programming, imperative programming, object-oriented programming | 2006 | Microsoft |
| Programming Language for Business | procedural programming, imperative programming | 1972 | — |
| ProvideX | object-oriented programming, procedural programming | 1992 | Sage Group |
| Pure | declarative programming, functional programming | 2008 | — |