| PureScript | purely functional programming, functional programming | 2013 | — |
| Q | functional programming, array programming | 2003 | — |
| Q# | imperative programming, quantum programming, functional programming | 2017 | Microsoft Quantum Architectures and Computation group, Microsoft |
| QML | reactive programming, declarative programming | 2009 | Qt Project |
| QuakeC | procedural programming, structured programming, imperative programming | 1996 | Id Software |
| Racket | reflective programming, procedural programming, functional programming, multi-paradigm programming, modular programming, language-oriented programming, metaprogramming, object-oriented programming | 1995 | Matthias Felleisen |
| REBOL | functional programming, prototype-based programming, imperative programming, language-oriented programming | 1997 | — |
| Refal | functional programming | 1968 | Valentin Turchin |
| RPG | procedural programming | 1959 | IBM |
| RTL/2 | procedural programming, structured programming, imperative programming | 1972 | John Barnes |
| Ruby | reflective programming, functional programming, imperative programming, object-oriented programming | 1995 | Yukihiro Matsumoto |
| Rust | generic programming, concurrent computing, procedural programming, functional programming, imperative programming, object-oriented programming | 2006 | Mozilla, Rust Foundation, Graydon Hoare |
| S | object-oriented programming, array programming, imperative programming | 1976 | John Chambers |
| SAC programming language | array programming | 1994 | Sven-Bodo Scholz |
| Sather | functional programming, object-oriented programming | 1990 | GNU Project |
| Scala | concurrent computing, functional programming, imperative programming, object-oriented programming | 2004 | École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Martin Odersky |
| Scheme | functional programming, procedural programming, imperative programming, metaprogramming | 1975 | — |
| SCM | — | 1990 | Aubrey Jaffer |
| Seed7 | imperative programming, object-oriented programming, multi-paradigm programming, generic programming, reflective programming, structured programming | 2005 | — |
| Self | prototype-based programming, object-oriented programming | 1987 | Sun Microsystems, Randall Smith, Stanford University, David Ungar |
| SISAL | multi-paradigm programming, functional programming, concurrent computing, dataflow programming | 1983 | — |
| Smalltalk | object-oriented programming, class-based programming | 1972 | Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls, Adele Goldberg, Diana Merry |
| SP/k | structured programming, imperative programming | 1974 | Ric Holt, James Cordy |
| SPARK | procedural programming | 1988 | Altran, University of Southampton |
| Speedcoding | structured programming, object-oriented programming, generic programming, procedural programming | 1953 | John Backus, IBM |
| SQL | declarative programming | 1974 | International Organization for Standardization, Donald D. Chamberlin, Raymond F. Boyce |
| Standard ML | modular programming, imperative programming, functional programming, procedural programming | 1983 | Robin Milner |
| Standard ML of New Jersey | procedural programming | 2002 | — |
| StarLogo | multi-paradigm programming, procedural programming, agent-oriented programming | 2001 | MIT Media Lab |
| Swift | object-oriented programming, functional programming, declarative programming, multi-paradigm programming, block-structured programming, imperative programming | 2014 | Chris Lattner, Apple Inc. |
| Swift LispKit | — | — | — |
| T | functional programming, imperative programming, multi-paradigm programming, metaprogramming, object-oriented programming | 1982 | Stephen Slade |
| TADS | prototype-based programming | 1988 | — |
| TI-BASIC 83 | procedural programming | — | — |
| TTCN-3 | — | — | — |
| UnrealScript | generic programming, object-oriented programming | 1998 | — |
| Vala | imperative programming, object-oriented programming, structured programming | 2006 | Jürg Billeter |
| Visual Prolog | functional programming, imperative programming, object-oriented programming, logic programming | — | — |
| Vvvv | visual programming language | 1998 | — |
| Whiley | imperative programming, functional programming | 2010 | — |
| Wolfram Language | functional programming, imperative programming, multi-paradigm programming, array programming, declarative programming, object-oriented programming | 1988 | Stephen Wolfram, Wolfram Research |
| X10 | concurrent computing, array programming, object-oriented programming | 2004 | IBM |
| XL | multi-paradigm programming, imperative programming, functional programming | 2000 | Christophe de Dinechin |
| XQuery | modular programming, declarative programming, functional programming | 2007 | — |
| Xtend | functional programming, imperative programming, object-oriented programming | 2011 | TypeFox GmbH |
| Zig | imperative programming, functional programming, procedural programming, concurrent computing, generic programming | 2015 | Andrew Kelley |