| Pure | declarative programming, functional programming | 2008 | — |
| Python | imperative programming, multi-paradigm programming, object-oriented programming, dynamic programming, functional programming | 1991 | Python Software Foundation, Guido van Rossum |
| Q | functional programming, array programming | 2003 | — |
| QML | reactive programming, declarative programming | 2009 | Qt Project |
| Qore | object-oriented programming, procedural programming | — | David Nichols |
| R | reflective programming, object-oriented programming, array programming, imperative programming, functional programming, procedural programming | 1993 | — |
| Racket | reflective programming, procedural programming, functional programming, multi-paradigm programming, modular programming, language-oriented programming, metaprogramming, object-oriented programming | 1995 | Matthias Felleisen |
| Raku | object-oriented programming, imperative programming, functional programming | 2015 | Audrey Tang, Larry Wall |
| Rapira | procedural programming, structured programming | 1987 | — |
| REBOL | functional programming, prototype-based programming, imperative programming, language-oriented programming | 1997 | — |
| Refal | functional programming | 1968 | Valentin Turchin |
| REXX | procedural programming, structured programming | 1979 | IBM, Mike Cowlishaw |
| Ring | object-oriented programming, procedural programming, functional programming, imperative programming, declarative programming | 2016 | Mahmoud Samir Fayed |
| Ruby | reflective programming, functional programming, imperative programming, object-oriented programming | 1995 | Yukihiro Matsumoto |
| S | object-oriented programming, array programming, imperative programming | 1976 | John Chambers |
| Sass | — | 2006 | — |
| Scheme | functional programming, procedural programming, imperative programming, metaprogramming | 1975 | — |
| Scientific Vector Language | — | 1994 | — |
| Scilab | array programming | — | Dassault Systèmes |
| SCM | — | 1990 | Aubrey Jaffer |
| Script.NET | imperative programming, metaprogramming | — | Microsoft |
| Self | prototype-based programming, object-oriented programming | 1987 | Sun Microsystems, Randall Smith, Stanford University, David Ungar |
| Sense | object-oriented programming | — | The Open University |
| SETL | procedural programming, structured programming, imperative programming, object-oriented programming | 1969 | Courant Institute School of Mathematics, Computing, and Data Science |
| SK8 | object-oriented programming | — | Apple Inc. |
| Smalltalk | object-oriented programming, class-based programming | 1972 | Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls, Adele Goldberg, Diana Merry |
| Snap! | event-driven programming, object-oriented programming | 2011 | — |
| Snek | imperative programming | — | Keith Packard |
| Source | procedural programming, multi-paradigm programming, imperative programming, functional programming | 2017 | — |
| Speakeasy | imperative programming | 1964 | — |
| Spice Lisp | — | — | — |
| Squeak | object-oriented programming | 1996 | Apple Inc. |
| Squirrel | object-oriented programming, class-based programming, imperative programming, procedural programming | 2003 | — |
| Starlark | procedural programming | — | — |
| StarLogo | multi-paradigm programming, procedural programming, agent-oriented programming | 2001 | MIT Media Lab |
| Strongtalk | object-oriented programming | 2002 | — |
| Stylus | — | 2011 | — |
| SuperCollider | functional programming, object-oriented programming | 1996 | — |
| Swift LispKit | — | — | — |
| T | functional programming, imperative programming, multi-paradigm programming, metaprogramming, object-oriented programming | 1982 | Stephen Slade |
| Tcl | multi-paradigm programming, procedural programming, event-driven programming, functional programming, imperative programming, object-oriented programming | 1988 | John Ousterhout |
| UCBLogo | — | — | George Mills, Michael Katz |
| Urbiscript | object-oriented programming | — | — |
| Visual Basic .NET | object-oriented programming, strict programming, class-based programming, multi-paradigm programming, imperative programming, structured programming, functional programming, event-driven programming, reflective programming, generic programming | 2001 | Microsoft |
| Wolfram Language | functional programming, imperative programming, multi-paradigm programming, array programming, declarative programming, object-oriented programming | 1988 | Stephen Wolfram, Wolfram Research |
| XBLite | procedural programming | — | — |
| XOTcl | event-driven programming, functional programming, imperative programming, multi-paradigm programming, object-oriented programming | 2000 | — |
| XQuery | modular programming, declarative programming, functional programming | 2007 | — |