| Fantom | multi-paradigm programming, object-oriented programming | 2005 | — |
| Fjölnir | object-oriented programming, procedural programming | — | — |
| FL | function-level programming, functional programming | 1989 | — |
| Flapjax | functional reactive programming | — | — |
| Franz Lisp | metaprogramming, reflective programming, procedural programming, functional programming | 1980 | — |
| Frenetic | domain-specific language | — | — |
| Gambit | — | — | — |
| Game Maker Language | imperative programming | 1999 | Mark Overmars |
| Game Oriented Assembly Lisp | object-oriented programming, imperative programming | 2001 | Andy Gavin, Jak and Daxter |
| GDScript | object-oriented programming | 2001 | — |
| Golo | — | 2012 | Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon |
| GrGen | multi-paradigm programming | 2003 | — |
| Hack | — | 2014 | Meta Platforms |
| Harbour | imperative programming, multi-paradigm programming, declarative programming, object-oriented programming, procedural programming, functional programming, reflective programming | 1999 | — |
| Haxe | object-oriented programming, multi-paradigm programming, functional programming, generic programming | 2005 | Simon Krajewski, Cauê Waneck, Haxe Foudation, Nicolas Cannasse |
| Hop | multi-paradigm programming, functional programming, multitier programming | 2006 | — |
| Icon | procedural programming, structured programming, expression-oriented programming, multi-paradigm programming | 1977 | — |
| Impromptu | functional programming | 2005 | — |
| Incr Tcl | object-oriented programming, event-driven programming, functional programming, imperative programming | 1993 | Michael McLennan |
| Interactive Data Language | array programming | 1977 | — |
| Io | object-oriented programming, prototype-based programming | 2002 | Steve Dekorte |
| Itk | multi-paradigm programming | 1993 | — |
| J | functional programming, function-level programming, tacit programming, multi-paradigm programming, array programming, object-oriented programming | 1990 | Roger Hui, Kenneth E. Iverson |
| JavaScript | generic programming, aspect-oriented programming, imperative programming, functional programming, prototype-based programming, event-driven programming | 1995 | — |
| Joy | purely functional programming, concatenative programming, stack-oriented programming | 2001 | — |
| JS++ | generic programming, functional programming, structured programming, imperative programming, object-oriented programming | 2011 | — |
| JScript | prototype-based programming, object-oriented programming | 1996 | Microsoft |
| JScript .NET | — | — | Microsoft |
| Jsish | multi-paradigm programming | — | Peter MacDonald |
| JSONiq | declarative programming | — | — |
| Judoscript | object-oriented programming | 2001 | — |
| Julia | multi-paradigm programming, imperative programming, parallel computing, functional programming, multiple dispatch, procedural programming, object-oriented programming, array programming, metaprogramming | 2009 | Viral B. Shah, Stefan Karpinski, Alan Edelman, Jeff Bezanson |
| K | array programming, functional programming | 1993 | — |
| Kinetic Rule Language | rule-based programming, event-driven programming | 2007 | Kynetx |
| Lasso | structured programming, procedural programming, object-oriented programming, concurrent computing | 1995 | — |
| LFE | functional programming | 2008 | — |
| Liberty BASIC | event-driven programming | 1992 | — |
| Lioness | — | — | — |
| Lisp | multi-paradigm programming, functional programming, procedural programming, reflective programming, metaprogramming | 1958 | John McCarthy, Steve Russell |
| LispWorks | — | — | — |
| Little b | object-oriented programming, functional programming | 2004 | Harvard Medical School |
| LiveScript | functional programming, object-oriented programming | 2011 | George Zahariev, Jeremy Ashkenas, Satoshi Murakami |
| Logo | functional programming, procedural programming, reflective programming | 1967 | Cynthia Solomon, Idit Harel Caperton, Seymour Papert |
| LPC | object-oriented programming, procedural programming, prototype-based programming, functional programming | 1989 | Lars Pensjö |
| Lua | procedural programming, prototype-based programming, functional programming, imperative programming, multi-paradigm programming, object-oriented programming | 1993 | Roberto Ierusalimschy |
| Lucee | — | 2015 | — |
| LYaPAS | functional programming, structured programming, array programming, modular programming | 1964 | — |
| Maclisp | — | — | Richard Greenblatt |