| Magik | object-oriented programming | 1989 | — |
| MATLAB | object-oriented programming, array programming, imperative programming, functional programming, procedural programming | — | MathWorks |
| MDL | procedural programming, reflective programming, metaprogramming, functional programming | 1971 | — |
| MetaPost | imperative programming, declarative programming | 1994 | — |
| MexScript | domain-specific language | 1997 | Mike Zuurman |
| Microsoft Small Basic | structured programming | 2008 | Microsoft |
| MIIS | — | 1971 | MEDITECH |
| Mirah | object-oriented programming, imperative programming | 2008 | — |
| MIRC scripting language | procedural programming, event-driven programming | 1995 | — |
| MIT/GNU Scheme | — | — | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| MIVA Script | imperative programming | 1996 | — |
| MLAB | multi-paradigm programming | — | — |
| MultiLisp | — | — | — |
| NekoVM | object-oriented programming, structured programming, prototype-based programming | 2005 | Shiro Games, Motion Twin |
| NetLogo | procedural programming, agent-oriented programming | 1999 | — |
| NetRexx | object-oriented programming, structured programming, procedural programming | 1996 | IBM |
| NewLISP | prototype-based programming, functional programming, object-oriented programming | 1991 | — |
| Newspeak | object-oriented programming, functional programming | 2006 | Gilad Bracha |
| NewtonScript | object-oriented programming, prototype-based programming | 1993 | Apple Inc. |
| Nial | array programming | 1981 | — |
| NIL | — | — | — |
| Nix | functional programming, purely functional programming, declarative programming | 2003 | — |
| NPR | procedural programming | 1985 | MEDITECH |
| Nu | procedural programming, functional programming, structured programming, imperative programming, object-oriented programming | 2007 | — |
| O:XML | object-oriented programming | — | — |
| Oaklisp | object-oriented programming | 1986 | — |
| Oberon | procedural programming, structured programming, imperative programming, modular programming, object-oriented programming | 1987 | Niklaus Wirth |
| Object Pascal | generic programming, procedural programming, structured programming, imperative programming, multi-paradigm programming, object-oriented programming | 1986 | Larry Tesler, Niklaus Wirth, Apple Inc., Borland |
| Objective-C | object-oriented programming, class-based programming, multi-paradigm programming, reflective programming | 1984 | — |
| Objective-J | reflective programming, functional programming, imperative programming, object-oriented programming | 2008 | — |
| Obliq | object-oriented programming, prototype-based programming, structured programming, parallel computing, imperative programming, modular programming | 1993 | — |
| Open Roberta | event-driven programming | — | — |
| OpenLisp | — | — | — |
| OpenMx | structural equation modeling | 2010 | — |
| Oz | object-oriented programming, constraint programming, concurrent computing, prototype-based programming, imperative programming, functional programming, multi-paradigm programming | 1991 | — |
| Pan | declarative programming | — | — |
| Parser | procedural programming | 1997 | — |
| Perl | multi-paradigm programming | 1987 | The Perl Foundation, Larry Wall |
| Pharo | reflective programming, object-oriented programming | 2008 | — |
| PHP | imperative programming, functional programming, procedural programming, reflective programming, object-oriented programming | 1995 | Rasmus Lerdorf, Zeev Suraski, Andi Gutmans, Perforce Zend, PHP Group |
| PicoLisp | metaprogramming, declarative programming, functional programming, procedural programming, reflective programming, object-oriented programming | 1988 | Alexander Burger |
| Pike | procedural programming, object-oriented programming, functional programming | 1994 | — |
| Pnuts | object-oriented programming | 1997 | — |
| Polyphonic C# | multi-paradigm programming | 2002 | Microsoft Research |
| Portable Standard Lisp | — | — | — |
| PostScript | stack-oriented programming, multi-paradigm programming, concatenative programming, procedural programming | 1982 | Adobe |
| PowerShell | reflective programming, procedural programming, functional programming, imperative programming, object-oriented programming | 2006 | Microsoft |
| Programming with Big Data in R | SPMD | — | — |